Excessive adiposity is associated with the development and progression of both HFpEF and T2DM. Comorbidity of T2DM in patients with HFpEF is common, resulting in a greater symptom burden and worse functional status. Semaglutide is a once-weekly GLP-1RA shown to significantly improve HF related symptoms, physical limitations and body weight in patients with obesity-related HFpEF without T2DM.

Hyperkalemia, defined as serum potassium >5.0mmol/L, is a potentially lethal condition as it hinders muscle function and myocardial excitability, which may contribute to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac deaths. Epidemiological data suggests the global prevalence of hyperkalemia is around 6.3%, but the

Since the publication of the 2021 ESC guidelines for diagnosing and treating acute and chronic heart failure (HF), multiple randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses have investigated alternative prevention and discharge management strategies for HF patients.¹ With additional data on via

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, such as dapagliflozin, are strongly recommended by clinical guidelines for the treatment of chronic heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).¹

Recently, the effects of empagliflozin and placebo have been compared in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), taking age as an account of adverse events (AEs) in the EMPEROR-Preserved trial.¹ The results showed that empagliflozin reduced first heart failure hospitalization (HFH) and recurrent HFH.¹ The efficacy in different age groups was similar.¹ In addition, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) were investigated.¹ It also showed significant efficacy across all age groups on these aspects.¹

In the American College of Cardiology (ACC) 2022 Scientific Session, Professor Mark Loeb from McMaster University, Canada, discussed his randomized controlled trial of influenza vaccines in heart failure (HF) patients to reduce adverse vascular events.1 The risk of cardiovascular (CV) events and de