Whether the timing of administering antihypertensive medication affects major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) is highly uncertain due to conflicting results from randomized trials.1 While the MAPEC trial in 2010 and Hygia trial in 2019 showed significant reductions in MACE (61% and 45% respect

Hyperkalemia, defined as serum potassium >5.0mmol/L, is a potentially lethal condition as it hinders muscle function and myocardial excitability, which may contribute to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac deaths. Epidemiological data suggests the global prevalence of hyperkalemia is around 6.3%, but the

Study Design Dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), has been shown to induce renal, cardiovascular (CV), and survival benefits in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), regardless of the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the DAPA-CKD trial.1 Separate m

STUDY DESIGN Type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases the risk of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke to over 50%.1 If a stroke occurs in these patients, the prognosis is severe in terms of higher risk of recurrent stroke, mortality, hospital admissions, and adverse cognitive outcomes.1 Hence, there exists a ne

STUDY DESIGN Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) are currently the first-line medications in stroke prevention for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).1 However, long-term non-interventional data in patients with AF is limited.1 The ETNA-AF-Europe study was a prospective, observ

A Korean population-based observational study has determined that women who experienced early menopause due to hysterectomy are 25% more suspectable to cardiovascular diseases compared to their non-hysterectomy counterparts.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, such as dapagliflozin, are strongly recommended by clinical guidelines for the treatment of chronic heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).¹

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) constitutes >50% of all heart failure (HF) cases, with few effective treatments.¹It is known that elevation in left heart filling pressures at rest and during exercise are the pathophysiologic features of HFpEF, andthat sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), such as dapagliflozin and empagliflozin, have been shown to reduce therisk of HF and cardiovascular (CV) death, while improving the quality of life (QoL) in patients with HFpEF.1 However, the mechanismsbehind this are still unclear.¹