Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer, ranking as the sixth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, primarily attributed to its late-stage diagnosis, limited therapeutic options, and poor prognosis.^1-3 While tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapies are commonly used, their long-term efficacy is limited and clinical benefits are restricted to a subset of patients.^2,3 Nivolumab, a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint inhibitor, and ipilimumab, a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitor, are monoclonal antibodies that are proven to enhance antitumor immune response.^3,4 The United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently approved their combination for treating unresectable or metastatic HCC in patients who have not received prior systemic therapy, based on the results of phase 3 CheckMate 9DW trial.³ 

Results from the phase 3 CheckMate 816 study had found that neoadjuvant nivolumab plus chemotherapy (CTx) induced clinically significant and sustained benefits in the event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) of patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) comp

Data from the phase 3 CheckMate-76K trial found that adjuvant nivolumab was effective in improving recurrence-free survival (RFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) among patients with completely resected stage IIB/C melanoma.¹ These findings supported the use of nivolumab in adjuvant setting to prevent disease recurrence of stage IIB/C melanoma.¹

Despite an 80% overall response rate to primary platinum-based chemotherapy, a high proportion of women experience disease recurrence.¹ At present, there is no known gold standard for the second‐line treatment of ovarian cancer.